Earning Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Earning Management - Essay Example In addition, key defense in the financial management is full disclosure. This implies that if all the information available for positional analysis of a company is available and true, analysts are able to provide timely and effective advisory information for a company. However, when a company decides to provide fraudulent information to gain investors’ preference and stakeholders favors, the companies end up being overwhelmed with deceptive information and at last lose the very thing they have been fighting to win (Temte, 2005). To increase the quality of financial reporting and hence the credibility of the information contained therein, there must be some ethical consideration. This implies that it is unethical for any company to intentionally and inappropriately conceal information that would change the financial image of a company.   Further, honesty has always been considered the best policy, especially in business. Companies that undertake earning management are doing nothing less than dishonesty. The use of deferring maintenance to post positive image does not mean that the deferred activities are not to be undertaken. What happens is that the deferred activities will I the long run cost the company a fortune (Vataliya, 2009). And since the company made investors and analysts believe that it is doing well financially through fraudulent data, then the company loses all that it has sought to save. The investors and stakeholders, therefore, feel deceived and that a company they have depended on has been dishonest.

Online education Essay Example for Free

Online education Essay The shift from a traditional classroom setting to online education has both been hard and easy. The transition has been easy because the internet and other on line websites are not new for the generation of today thus there is really not much adjusting that is needed to be done in order to be familiar with this tool. There has been sufficient guidance extended by the schools which makes the transition easy and there are approachable staffs that are ready to answer any queries about the new system. The change also allowed the students to manage their time better because they are now less time constraints since there is no requirement to attend classes personally. (Clark, Kim. Online Education Offers Access and Accessibility. Retrieved from website http://www. usnews. com/articles/education/online-education/2009/04/02/online-education-offers-access-and-affordability. html. Everything is being done through the computer. The transition was hard at first because of the adjustment in a new learning environment. There are no more fixed school schedules to attend to thus there is a need to discipline students regarding their task to finish school work. The two systems can co-exist because the choice of one would not really result to the elimination of the other. If a student would chose to avail of attending some regular class and also of taking some online education subjects, this would work for the advantage of the student. The reason for this is that the student is given the option to manage his or her time properly and chose what subjects he or she thinks is better to be completed within the school grounds for reasons of the use of the library or counseling from the professor.In this way, the student would be able to maximize both his and her time and potential in a subject that truly interests him or her. Reference: Clark, Kim. April 2, 2009. U. S. News. Online Education Offers Access and Accessibility. Retrieved on May 7, 2009 from website http://www. usnews. com/articles/education/online-education/2009/04/02/online-education-offers-access-and-affordability. html.

Chemical and Biological Weaponry :: Biological Warfare Nuclear Weapons Ethics Essays

Chemical and Biological Weaponry Introduction: A Modern Day Trojan Horse Although the envelope resembled a letter from a fourth grade student, the contents addressed to Senator Tom Daschle were life threatening. Laced within the envelope was a form of the bacteria known as Bacillus Anthracis, bacteria more commonly known as anthrax. When exposed to humans, an anthrax infection leads to the release of toxins, which if not properly treated are fatal (cnn.com). Around the same time of Senator Daschle’s threat, other cases of anthrax exposure were publicized. Just like that, chemical and biological weaponry worry the minds of the public. Some call such weapons â€Å"the poor man’s atomic bomb† – its construction cheaper and effects potentially as far-reaching and devastating. The ability to manufacture chemical or biological threats is relatively much easier and its availability more widespread that nuclear weapons. Because of this, many believe any future terrorist attacks might be done with biological weapons similar to anthrax. Though seemingly a new threat, similar weaponry has been the subject of debate for decades. This paper discusses the subject of many of those debates, the ethical implications of its use and development. To clarify, â€Å"biological warfare is the intentional use of disease-causing microorganisms or other entities that can replicate themselves (e.g., viruses, infectious nucleic acids and prions) against humans, animals or plants for hostile purposes† (Adam Rotfeld, SIPRI Fact Sheet, page 1). Furthermore, â€Å"it may also involve the use of toxins: poisonous substances produced by living organisms†¦plants†¦and animals. If they are utilized for warfare purpose, the synthetically manufactured counterparts of these toxins are biological weapons† (Rotfeld 1). Delivery of such substances can be as easy as sending it via mail, as in the anthrax example, or as sophisticated as mounting a chemical warhead onto a missile. Other possible means of delivery include introducing a substance to a water supply or through air dispersal in the form of gas. This paper will use the terms â€Å"biological weapons† and â€Å"chemical weapons† interchangeably. A Brief History of Use As far back as the 6th century BC, warring nations have been involved with the use of biological weaponry (Henry Hardy, Biological Weapons FAQ). Despite its long history, it is perhaps best to look at more recent events. With the better understanding of disease in the 20th century, various forms of chemical and biological weaponry emerged. During World War I, poisonous gases were used (Nicholas Fotion, Military Ethics, page 73) in addition to anthrax applications by German operatives (Rotfeld, 2).

The Rocking Horse Winner

Using the literary theory of formalism, I analyzed four textual elements of D. H. Lawrence’s The Rocking Horse. The four textual elements I analyzed included protagonist, antagonist, conflict, and setting. There are two major conflicts in this story: an external conflict, which involves the family’s financial state, and an internal conflict, which involves Paul’s desire to please his mother. The external conflict is stated repeatedly in the story: â€Å"There is not enough money†. The family lives in a state of constant anxiety over lack of funds. The parents live a lifestyle that is above their means: their expenses are more than their income. Paul, the main character, learns through the example of his mother that money will solve the family’s problems. Paul ultimately sacrifices himself in the pursuit of bringing money into the household. Paul is the most important character in the story and could be considered the hero of the text. The story revolves around Paul and his quest to solve his family’s money problems in order to gain his mother’s love. Therefore, Paul is the protagonist of The Rocking Horse. The character who directly opposes Paul is Hester, Paul’s mother. Hester causes Paul to believe that the family is threatened by poverty. Furthermore, when Paul brings income into the household with his winning predictions, Hester spends the money. The Rocking Horse is set in in an upper middle class home in London, England. The house can be considered upper-middle class because Lawrence described the house as both pleasant and run by servants. Further to this, the nursery within the home is described as ‘full of toys’. The author implies that the story takes place near or around London, England through the naming of various London-area horse tracks. Therefore analyzing these four textural elements using the literary theory of formalism, the reader can have a better understanding how these were used in the story.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein Essay

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein tells the story of Victor’s ambition to successfully create a life through the use of science. In the present times, this is closely known as genetic engineering or cloning, wherein a scientist or a doctor dabbles in the works of creating a new life or transforming a life through science and technology. Shelley shows in her work that Victor had successfully created a being, however it stunned him, not in amazement but in hatred and fear of the misshapen creature he has created. The creature that Victor created was adultlike like in its physique but childlike in its mind. Its innocence became its downfall as it slowly learned, the hard way, that it is not a normal human being but a reject of the society because of its appearance. This led to its violent rampage destroying the things that it desires, belongingness in the society, and created an even more fearsome aura that caused people, even its creator, a deeper terror and horror in its existence. This shows that such inventions and discoveries does not necessarily mean success in the world of science as such creatures do not play a significant role in making the lives of people better. This indicates that science and technology has a great power in playing with fate and lives that people tend to question its ethics, morals and values. Shelley successfully presents in her work that science has to consider certain ethics and morals with its inventions, thinking about the purpose and result of the work in the world of humans. Ethics and morals are the basis of how humans live and think. The society strongly against inventions such as cloning and genetic engineering because of these values. Although the value life is a strong motive for dabbling into the arts of creating or transforming human life, the society thinks immoral of such actions because it makes the creator play with life, which in a religious or ethical sense, humans cannot play with. Shelley’s Frankenstein shows that playing with fate and life has its consequences. Something that is created from the pieces of humanity cannot be entirely human on its own. Rejection is always present in society, and it cannot be blamed on the people when a creature, as misshapen as Frankenstein roams the streets without full knowledge of what life is. The lesson the Shelley leaves her readers is the importance of considering how knowledge is to be used for humanity and to improve human life. Another impacting thought that Shelley leaves is the significance of proper teaching of the masters to their students. When Victor showed an uncanny interest in modern science, his teachers dismissed his curiousity without explaining to him why such fascination is dangerous and not worth paying attention to. Victor turned to modern science because of the limitations of alchemy. He combined his knowledge of aggripa, alchemy and the modern science to turn create a new life that he later rejected and loathed. Both the educators and the students have a responsibility in what they do and the results of their actions. Before any scientific invention and discovery is pursued, ethical considerations, moral responsibility and purpose is to be weighed. Educators and students should look at their works with purpose and not just because they wanted to create something new. They have to consider the results of such actions, and if it will result to something that is not beneficial for human life and will endanger the morals and values of the society, then it should be discouraged. Science and technology is something that is to be used to improve human life not destroy it.

Comparison Military to Civilian Life Essays

Comparison Military to Civilian Life Essays Comparison Military to Civilian Life Essay Comparison Military to Civilian Life Essay Life People often wish for a better life then what theyve had. Striving for a better life helps sets goals and sparks motivation. Vive Joined a college to have a better life then what I was raised In, but Vive also Joined the military for the same reason. Now all there Is to do Is find a way to Incorporate the two and try and make them work. Having a degree In the military world will make advancing easier and give a sense of arsenal achievement, while having a degree in the civilian world will open up more job opportunities and provide financial security for living an independent life. The world we live in today is very technological. The paper is replaced by the computer screen and the pen is being replaced by the keyboard. The military is putting a lot of its information out on the web, in fact the standardized testing to get into the military is taken on a computer and advancement study material can only be ordered off the web on official military sites. Luckily, colleges are being offered online to help reach out to people that wouldnt have had the chance otherwise. The two are really coming together and Increasing the chance for advancement. The more rank gained, the more college credits earned get and vice versa. My generation growing up In this new era of technology Is really putting me ahead of all the changes to internet reliability. Now, Ive always had the long-term goal of getting a degree. How can a person have a truly positive attitude if they arent personally satisfied? Knowing that Im lowly achieving my goal is giving the motivation to keep on moving forward and sparking my curiosity to learn. I find myself planning my week better to fit the needs of achieving my goal. Its giving me the strength to realize and break bad habits. Having this hunger to learn will make me a better military member and civilian, especially if I want to pursue a Job in criminal Justice. We all know that money is a big part on how life works now days. Financial security Is a big mind easer. In fact according to an article on reemergence. Mom a gig school graduate makes on an average $30,000 annually to the comparison of a college graduate with bachelors degree making on average $52,200 a year. Thats almost double the salary. With more money the possibilities to enjoy life and plan for disaster are easier. A person might be able to give their kid what they want for Christmas without having to make a sacrifice or afford to purchase a car for their daughters sixteenth birthda y. Now more Job opportunities become available with a college degree and the possibility for unemployment decreases. I wouldnt be able to obtain my goal of ongoing the Federal Bureau of Investigation without a degree and I believe thats the case with most kids wanting to grow up and become successful. According to a study conducted by the U. S. Department of Labor, The unemployment rate for those with a college degree was 1. 8 percent As educational levels decreased, unemployment rates Increased 3. 0 percent for those with Some college or associate degree, 4. 0 percent for those with high school diplomas, and 7. 1 percent for those who did not finish high school. Knowing the statistics is a reminder to drive myself everyday and De ready Tort change Walt ten generalness Tanat lay anew Decease my plan malign change any day but Ill Just drive down a different path to get to the same goal. So much good comes out of attending college. Im more focused on whats ahead and determined to better myself. The drive to better myself will help me succeed and overcome any challenge heading my way. Financially someone is better off, held to a higher standard in the military and in the civilian world, more Job opportunities and its personally satisfying to know all the hard work will pay off for a better future.

Esl And Reading Theories Midterm Essays - Language Education

Esl And Reading Theories Midterm Essays - Language Education Esl And Reading Theories Midterm Mid-Term/Spring 1998 This Termpaper was for an Educational Class for the Teaching Credential Program. The questions listed below describe various theories and questions related to ESL and reading. Hope you find this paper useful. I got an 'A' for this termpaper Bibliography : Author - Ruddell Reading in Secondary Education 1. Krashen's theory of comprehensible input states: We learn a second language containing linguistic structures that are just beyond the structures we already know. (Ruddell, Page 341). According to Krashen, Comprehensible input is symbolized by the following formulated statement: i (input + 1). This means that comprehensible input is just beyond our current level of competence in which we can construct new meanings. Thus, we can construct new meanings with what we already know about language, world knowledge, contextual information, and extralingual information. Krashen also states that we Acquire new structures in a second language not by focusing on the structures themselves, but by understanding the meaning of a communication containing those new structures. (Ruddell, Page 341). Language acquisition environment and language learning environment differ by theory. According to Krashen, Acquisition of a language occurs as a subconscious process as we encounter and use a second language for some communicative purpose. (Ruddell, Page 340). Krashen also states that Conscious learning of a language occurs as we study formally the grammar, structure, and lexicon of a language. (Ruddell, Page 340). Hence, Krashen views acquisition to be the main reason for second-language development. The optimal conditions needed for L2 acquisition, according to Krashen, can be stated as People acquire second languages when they obtain comprehensible input and when their affective filters are low enough to allow the input in. Furthermore, second l language acquisition will occur in classes taught in the second language if the student can understand what is going on in the class; that is, when input is comprehensible. (Ruddell, Page 342). What are two strategies that I can use in my classroom so that language-related problems are not as likely to interfere with the academic aspirations of language minority students? a. I plan on teaching history! Therefore, one strategy I could use is Co-operative learning! Students who have language-related problems can work with other students on projects that I will give in class. These groups can assist those who have language-related problems by working as a team to solve the projects I give them. b. I can also write words from the text that I feel are important to know. For instance, most history books in high school have words that are in bold print. If some of these words are difficult (i.e. - Tyranny, Totalitarian, Anarchy, ect.), I would write these words on the board and introduce those words to the students. I would give the meaning of those words on the board and give examples that correspond to those words. I can even ask them to use these words in sentences if need be! 2. The assumption that language minority students have become English proficient when they have acquired relatively fluent and peer-appropriate face-to-face communicative skills is a misconception. Why? According to Cummins, he estimates that ESL students acquire age-appropriate conversational proficiency (BIC) in about two years, while academic proficiency (CALP) requires 5 to 7 years. (Ruddell, Page 342). Thus, he warns, to Refrain from assuming that second language students' proficiency in conversational English is a true measure of their proficiency in science, or social studies, or mathematics. (Ruddell, Page 342). Cummins also argues that schools placed ESL students in Special Education classes through inappropriate testing practices based on faulty assumptions about a students ability to speak English. Just because an ESL student can speak English fluently doesn't mean that he/she is literate in their understanding of the English language. For example, if I understood Spanish fluently, people would assume that I could get an 'A' in my Spanish classes. Even if I could speak this language easily doesn't mean that I could read or write in that language. Take for another example: illiterate people. That are lots of people in the United States who can speak English easily. But when it comes to reading or writing, they fail. I had one lady ask me if a rubber mat fabric had adhesive on the back side.

Robert Lynds Essay on the Pleasures of Ignorance

Robert Lynds Essay on the Pleasures of Ignorance Born in Belfast, Robert Lynd moved to London when he was 22 and soon  became a popular and prolific essayist, critic, columnist, and poet. His essays are characterized by humor, precise  observations, and a lively, engaging style. From Ignorance To Discovery Writing under the pseudonym of Y.Y., Lynd contributed a weekly literary essay to the New Statesman magazine from 1913 to 1945. The Pleasures of Ignorance is one of those many essays. Here he offers examples from nature to demonstrate his thesis that out of ignorance we get the constant  pleasure of discovery. The Pleasures of Ignorance by Robert Lynd (1879-1949) 1 It is impossible to take a walk in the country with an average townsman- especially, perhaps, in April or May- without being amazed at the vast continent of his ignorance. It is impossible to take a walk in the country oneself without being amazed at the vast continent of ones own ignorance. Thousands of men and women live and die without knowing the difference between a beech and an elm, between the song of a thrush and the song of a blackbird. Probably in a modern city the man who can distinguish between a thrushs and a blackbirds song is the exception. It is not that we have not seen the birds. It is simply that we have not noticed them. We have been surrounded by birds all our lives, yet so feeble is our observation that many of us could not tell whether or not the chaffinch sings, or the colour of the cuckoo. We argue like small boys as to whether the cuckoo always sings as he flies or sometimes in the branches of a tree- whether [George] Chapman drew on his fancy or his knowl edge of nature in the lines: When in the oaks green arms the cuckoo sings,And first delights men in the lovely springs. Ignorance And Discovery This ignorance, however, is not altogether miserable. Out of it we get the constant pleasure of discovery. Every fact of nature comes to us each spring, if only we are sufficiently ignorant, with the dew still on it. If we have lived half a lifetime without having ever even seen a cuckoo, and know it only as a wandering voice, we are all the more delighted at the spectacle of its runaway flight as it hurries from wood to wood conscious of its crimes, and at the way in which it halts hawk-like in the wind, its long tail quivering, before it dares descend on a hill-side of fir-trees where avenging presences may lurk. It would be absurd to pretend that the naturalist does not also find pleasure in observing the life of the birds, but his is a steady pleasure, almost a sober and plodding occupation, compared to the morning enthusiasm of the man who sees a cuckoo for the first time, and, behold, the world is made new.2  And, as to that, the happiness even of the naturalist depends in so me measure upon his ignorance, which still leaves him new worlds of this kind to conquer. He may have reached the very Z of knowledge in the books, but he still feels half ignorant until he has confirmed each bright particular with his eyes. He wishes with his own eyes to see the female cuckoo- rare spectacle!- as she lays her egg on the ground and takes it in her bill to the nest in which it is destined to breed infanticide. He would sit day after day with a field-glass against his eyes in order personally to endorse or refute the evidence suggesting that the cuckoo does lay on the ground and not in a nest. And, if he is so far fortunate as to discover this most secretive of birds in the very act of laying, there still remain for him other fields to conquer in a multitude of such disputed questions as whether the cuckoos egg is always of the same colour as the other eggs in the nest in which she abandons it. Assuredly the men of science have no reason as yet to weep over their lost ignorance. If they seem to know everything, it is only because you and I know almost nothing. There will always be a fortune of ignorance waiting for them under every fact they turn up. They will never know what song the Sirens sang to Ulysses any more than Sir Thomas Browne did. The Cuckoo Illustration 3  If I have called in the cuckoo to illustrate the ordinary mans ignorance, it is not because I can speak with authority on that bird. It is simply because, passing the spring in a parish that seemed to have been invaded by all the cuckoos of Africa, I realised how exceedingly little I, or anybody else I met, knew about them. But your and my ignorance is not confined to cuckoos. It dabbles in all created things, from the sun and moon down to the names of the flowers. I once heard a clever lady asking whether the new moon always appears on the same day of the week. She added that perhaps it is better not to know, because, if one does not know when or in what part of the sky to expect it, its appearance is always a pleasant surprise. I fancy, however, the new moon always comes as a surprise even to those who are familiar with her time-tables. And it is the same with the coming in of spring and the waves of the flowers. We are not the less delighted to find an early primrose because we are sufficiently learned in the services of the year to look for it in March or April rather than in October. We know, again, that the blossom precedes and not succeeds the fruit of the apple tree, but this does not lessen our amazement at the beautiful holiday of a May orchard. The Pleasure Of Learning 4At the same time there is, perhaps, a special pleasure in re-learning the names of many of the flowers every spring. It is like re-reading a book that one has almost forgotten. Montaigne tells us that he had so bad a memory that he could always read an old book as though he had never read it before. I have myself a capricious and leaking memory. I can read Hamlet itself and The Pickwick Papers as though they were the work of new authors and had come wet from the press, so much of them fades between one reading and another. There are occasions on which a memory of this kind is an affliction, especially if one has a passion for accuracy. But this is only when life has an object beyond entertainment. In respect of mere luxury, it may be doubted whether there is not as much to be said for a bad memory as for a good one. With a bad memory one can go on reading Plutarch and The Arabian Nights all ones life. Little shreds and tags, it is probable, will stick even in the worst memory, just as a succession of sheep cannot leap through a gap in a hedge without leaving a few wisps of wool on the thorns. But the sheep themselves escape, and the great authors leap in the same way out of an idle memory and leave little enough behind. The Pleasure Of Asking Questions 5And, if we can forget books, it is as easy to forget the months and what they showed us, when once they are gone. Just for the moment I tell myself that I know May like the multiplication table and could pass an examination on its flowers, their appearance and their order. Today I can affirm confidently that the buttercup has five petals. (Or is it six? I knew for certain last week.) But next year I shall probably have forgotten my arithmetic, and may have to learn once more not to confuse the buttercup with the celandine. Once more I shall see the world as a garden through the eyes of a stranger, my breath taken away with surprise by the painted fields. I shall find myself wondering whether it is science or ignorance which affirms that the swift (that black exaggeration of the swallow and yet a kinsman of the humming-bird) never settles even on a nest, but disappears at night into the heights of the air. I shall learn with fresh astonishment that it is the male, and not the female, cuckoo that sings. I may have to learn again not to call the campion a wild geranium, and to rediscover whether the ash comes early or late in the etiquette of the trees. A contemporary English novelist was once asked by a foreigner what was the most important crop in England. He answered without a moments hesitation: Rye. Ignorance so complete as this seems to me to be touched with magnificence; but the ignorance even of illiterate persons is enormous. The average man who uses a telephone could not explain how a telephone works. He takes for granted the telephone, the railway train, the linotype, the aeroplane, as our grandfathers took for granted the miracles of the gospels. He neither questions nor understands them. It is as though each of us investigated and made his own only a tiny circle of facts. Knowledge outside the days work is regarded by most men as a gewgaw. Still we are constantly in reaction against our ignorance. We rouse ourselves at intervals and speculate. We rev el in speculations about anything at all- about life after death or about such questions as that which is said to have puzzled Aristotle, why sneezing from noon to midnight was good, but from night to noon unlucky. One of the greatest joys known to man is to take such a flight into ignorance in search of knowledge. The great pleasure of ignorance is, after all, the pleasure of asking questions. The man who has lost this pleasure or exchanged it for the pleasure of dogma, which is the pleasure of answering, is already beginning to stiffen. One envies so inquisitive a man as [Benjamin] Jowett, who sat down to the study of physiology in his sixties. Most of us have lost the sense of our ignorance long before that age. We even become vain of our squirrels hoard of knowledge and regard increasing age itself as a school of omniscience. We forget that Socrates was famed for wisdom not because he was omniscient but because he realised at the age of seventy that he still knew nothing. * Originally appearing in  The New Statesman, The Pleasures of Ignorance by Robert Lynd served as the lead essay in his collection  The Pleasures of Ignorance  (Riverside Press and Charles Scribners Sons, 1921)

Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Discussion Questions - Essay Example Then the responsibility of the decision lies with the manager. In case the manager feels that the team can provide valuable inputs, he chooses facilitative decision making style. The team, thus, feels empowered and the morale of the team members increases. In such a case it is well communicated to the team that the responsibility of the decision lies with the team. The commonly used tool in my organization is the problem-option checklist. A list of problems is prepared against which the option/ solutions are mentioned and the best possible solution is chosen. In case of authoritative decision making, the leader selects the best possible option and communicates the same to the team. Some of the trainers complained that they were not getting valuable feedback from their trainees in lower levels of the hierarchy. Hence analyzing them and showing the training impact was difficult. The manager chose the facilitative decision making style. The team sat together and discussed that the answe rs they were getting were ‘good’, ‘yes’, ‘no’ etc. Thus the subjective feedback form should be replaced by and objective one for trainees from lower levels of hierarchy.

The Holocaust through Speak You Also Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Holocaust through Speak You Also - Essay Example It is a startling tale of one boy's survival in Auschwitz, the most notorious death camp the Nazi's created. Steinberg shares his story in just such a way that you can truly feel his desperate need for survival. To choose a single book about the Holocaust, it needs to be a story that does not over-reach what the person will be capable of reading. Because the Holocaust was such a terrible human tragedy, it is of great importance that the book not try and share too much of what happened, but rather limits itself to the story of a few people, or only one. It must also, however, have a human note, one that allows the reader to connect with the main character. By connecting with someone who has been through such a tragedy, the reader will feel a greater desire to understand and be aware of the events that transpired, and not just let it go without trying to learn more, and share with other. In Speak You Also, we are allowed to travel with the author through his memories of what it was like to be a young boy trying to survive in a concentration camp. And not just any camp, Auschwitz, where some of the greatest atrocities ever committed against human beings happened. He tells his story with no whitewashing, allowing the reader to see the desperation in his actions, and his willingness to do anything, even hurt others to survive. By choosing a book that does not limit its... g an imperfect character makes the camp seem just that much more inhumane, because no matter how horrible a person, who deserves to be sent to a death camp, simply because they are the wrong religion Steinberg perfectly illustrates this need for remembering in his book, but he goes further than merely suggesting the Holocaust was horrible, he asks readers to look at why his being desperate to survive is sometimes seen as wrong. Known best for being "Henri," a young boy who worked beside the famous Primo Levi in the laboratory at Auschwitz, he admits he would have done anything to survive, including hurting others. It is a poignant moment when he realizes (both in the book and in life) that his lack of attachment to family and friends may have been what helped to keep him alive. Peter Steinberg could have easily created a book of hate. To lose everything, family, friends, and to almost lose life, is enough to bitter anyone. But he instead, encourages in his book forgiveness, and understanding. "I have no gift for hatred. I know what it's like to be hated I concluded that it would be profoundly degrading to play that same game and perpetuate the cycle" (174). Instead, of hate, he teaches remembrance, and respect for the lessons of diversity that the Holocaust taught. While this book is an excellent introduction to the Holocaust, it is not perfect. There are several detailed areas on which this book does not touch. One of the books greatest strengths, the lack of emotion and family connection, is also one of its greatest weaknesses. It is in the ghettos of Warsaw, and in the transportation and loss of family members that the depth of emotion and pain caused by the Holocaust and Adolf Hitler truly come to light. Because Steinberg did not have to see his family

Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Review - Assignment Example Gandhi stated that, the actual meaning of civilization is ‘good conduct’, which can only come through the existence of villages. These were the people who outwardly argued with their views on the thought urban renovation. According to Jane Jacobs, the survival is impossible from World Bank. Considering the levels of urbanization and GDP per capita, they both are directly linked with each other. Due to it, the argument about the development of countryside areas on their expenses itself, has been in light from ages. The development, social justice and status discrimination (cities dominating the countryside) crisis also relate the argument. Cheap food coming out of the agriculture and their import export has also been the factor of criticism by 2008, where most of the countries imposed ban on the exports by increasing the subsidy on crops. That is the reason which backs the idea of under-funding of agriculture. Overviewing the entire scenario, Urban Bias Thesis (UBT) came into being, to resolve the crisis against Gandhi’s claim, food crisis and price issues associating the rural development. Lipton was the man who analyzed this thesis into details. The claims of Lipton involved the price issue on rural commodities which were decrease, and those of the urban bias increased outside Latin America. In 2000, the extreme increase of urban bias in China has been seen. The main discussion point of Lipton was that, reduce in urban bias haven’t been fulfilled, considering the terms of economic liberation and structural adjustments. This debate took peak under the light of four circumstances; matters of measure & definition, urban poverty, causes & consequences of urban growth and the value of rural & and urban in complex livelihood strategies & interdependencies. The main understanding which should be look up to here is the mobility benefits

Managing Multinational Operations DB4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing Multinational Operations DB4 - Essay Example This paper seeks to evaluate some of these services that make Citibank one of the best bankers in the United States and why Acme should regard it as the first option in its search for a financial service provider. Citibank avails a variety of financial services meant to suite offshore investors. The Citi’s ‘Openinvestor’ is a range of integrated services which are much updated to provide solutions to the modern investor. It must be remembered that one of the strengths of Citi basically lies on its global network that makes its impact felt across the globe. With over $13 trillion in assets scattered in over 100 countries, these resources are normally leveraged to avail fund administration, secure global custody and financial solutions customized to meet peculiar demands. Citi allows investors to focus on fund accumulation in order to build more capital for future investments. This is made possible through the top notch administrative services found in all Citi branches across the globe. In all respect, compared to other American bankers, Citi will certainly take the lead in promoting investment across the different cultures and situations found in different countries in the world. Acme is seeking a financial partner that will provide it with a centralized cash management system- an attribute for which Citibank proud itself to be a leader in the market. In the same vein, the fund accounting services will enable Acme to offload the trouble of Portfolio Accounting thereby minimize risks while also improving the performance of its funds. In an increasingly competitive financial environment, a firm requires a bank that offers very stable foreign exchange management services that will enable it sail through the fluctuating economic situations. Citibank has designed a comprehensive portfolio of foreign exchange services that specifically relate to the local environments in

Choose one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Choose one - Essay Example plant whose extract facilitates excretion of urine can for example help in treating complications that are associated with the system of urine excretion such as kidney problems. Similarly, a plant that facilitate running nose can facilitate nasal hygiene. Physical properties of plant extracts such as astringency plants’ curative role. Astringency binds disease-causing organisms to body tissues that facilitate elimination. Plants are also sources of chemicals that are used to manufacture chemical based drugs and consuming a plant that is rich in a chemical treats similar diseases that the resultant manufactured drug treats (http://permaculturenews.org/2013/10/09/medicinal-plants/). Examples of plants with medicinal value are garlic, chamomile, and Dandelion. Garlic is a common plant for domestic use and is effective against microorganisms at different body organs and system while chamomile helps relax the body. (http://www.homestead.org/KarynSweet/MedicinalGarden/MedicinalGarde n.htm). The subject relates to my environment through providing alternatives to management of diseases. It creates awareness of natural solutions to medical problems and offers alternatives to chemical based drugs whose adverse effects are many. The subject also offers a cheaper alternative to care because natural products are either free of cheaper than processed

One of today's most significant social changes Essay

One of today's most significant social changes - Essay Example The effects of globalization are that it is reducing distances and minimizing times, and creating a feeling that we are now living in a ‘global village’. It is a very significant issue to discuss because it affects every person and nation. It is breaking down various barriers and making things possible that were not possible before such as knowing about what is happening in another part of the world and communicating with others across the globe. This is enabling greater interaction to take place on a global level whether it is for business, social or other purposes. However, it also means that certain political, economic and cultural entities are wielding their influence around the world to the detriment of the less powerful. This is posing problems such as various social inequalities and global divides. Globalization is being facilitated by the Internet and other information and communication networks, operations of international organizations and multinational corporations, international trade, migration etc. It is an inevitable process because technology especially has to advance for society to progress. What is needed therefore is a plan of action that could help to guide this process so that desirable conditions are created in which the world can positively benefit from globalization. One area of focus could be education in which we teach people to have a greater understanding of other nations, cultures, languages, societies, religions, etc. Our education systems need to help create â€Å"global citizens that have a keen awareness of the political, economic, social, and environmental concerns of out time† (globalization101.org, 2010). If it were possible to seek help from the Buddha, he could guide mankind towards a harmonious age in which people are considerate and understanding of each other. After all, his teachings are focused on eradicating suffering and promoting unity. Globalization allows us to transcend barriers to

Choose one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Choose one - Essay Example plant whose extract facilitates excretion of urine can for example help in treating complications that are associated with the system of urine excretion such as kidney problems. Similarly, a plant that facilitate running nose can facilitate nasal hygiene. Physical properties of plant extracts such as astringency plants’ curative role. Astringency binds disease-causing organisms to body tissues that facilitate elimination. Plants are also sources of chemicals that are used to manufacture chemical based drugs and consuming a plant that is rich in a chemical treats similar diseases that the resultant manufactured drug treats (http://permaculturenews.org/2013/10/09/medicinal-plants/). Examples of plants with medicinal value are garlic, chamomile, and Dandelion. Garlic is a common plant for domestic use and is effective against microorganisms at different body organs and system while chamomile helps relax the body. (http://www.homestead.org/KarynSweet/MedicinalGarden/MedicinalGarde n.htm). The subject relates to my environment through providing alternatives to management of diseases. It creates awareness of natural solutions to medical problems and offers alternatives to chemical based drugs whose adverse effects are many. The subject also offers a cheaper alternative to care because natural products are either free of cheaper than processed

Quality Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Quality Management - Research Paper Example Due to heavy losses incurred in the past five months, the bookshop is undergoing a change in management structure. The change is to take effect from next month and it will only involve the replacement of the accountant. Leadership team: The management team involved in implementing the success of the bookshop is the priest who is the chief executive officer. The manager is the chairman of the senior youth group of the church. Finally the accountant is any qualified senior youth member. The priest is the chief executive of the bookshop. His responsibility is overseeing the running of the business from the management to the actual transactions. He is the chief advisor to the manager. He authorizes orders and co-sign major documents together with the manager. He chairs all executive meetings of the bookshop. The manager is the authoritative head of the bookshop. His responsibility ranges from decision making to planning. He is involved in the daily running of the business at the management level. He oversees all the operations of the bookshop and he is the reporting figure of the bookshop. The accountant records every transaction in the bookshop. He is responsible for all the bookkeeping in the bookshop. He ensures all the legal regulations of operating a bookshop are followed. He updates the inventory control ledgers and advice on order quantities and periods. Culture: The culture of the senior youth bookshop is the principles, integrity and values. The value of the bookshop is the customers, staff members and all the other stakeholders. The Principles are to offer the best customer service and products. Also to ensure the books and products offered are the best quality available in the market. The integrity of the bookshop is charging fair prices and fair business practices. The changes needed are: (1) restructuring the management structure. (2) Improving the selling strategies of the bookshop. Existing improvement initiatives: The initiatives are to improve

The Sonyericsson Alliance Essay Example for Free

The Sonyericsson Alliance Essay In 2001, the mobile phone terminal market world was shaken by the announcement of the agreement between two  « giants  » of their respective worlds. On one side the telecommunication reference Ericsson, on the other the entertainment and communications company Sony. As the result of the strategic alliance, an agreement focused on their respective mobile phone terminals businesses bringing to life a new joint venture aiming to gain consistent market shares during the next five years of operations. In this analysis I will start from an introduction of the respective companies, a short overview of their market positioning and a brief historical overview of the birth of their joint venture. Further on I will use the tools taken from (Jolly, 2001) to analyze the conditions and strategic management (steering) of this alliance. 1. Introduction 1.1 About the partners Ericsson : Ericsson, a Swedish based company, is the world-leading supplier in telecommunications systems with the largest customer base, including the worlds top 10 operators. The company provides total solutions covering the whole range, from systems and applications to mobile phones and other communications tools. Ericsson has been active worldwide for over 1 century and today operates in more than 140 countries, with 95,000 employees based in 24 countries. Annual investments in technical development average 15 percent of sales. These investments contribute to Ericssons leadership in mobile infrastructure and mobile Internet, with nearly twice the size of the closest competitor. Four out of every 10 mobile calls are handled by Ericsson equipment. Ericsson has a strong focus on RD and has filed 1,300 patent applications filed during 2000. Ericsson has set several standards to the mobile communication market, like CDMA2000, WCDMA or Bluetooth technology (see Appendix 1). Ericsson is thus the world leader in broadband technology.2/2 Ericsson supplies operators and service providers around the world with  end-to-end solutions in mobile and broadband Internet. Ericsson supplies solutions for all existing mobile systems, including future 3G mobile systems, as well as broadband multi-service networks and broadband access. The solutions include network infrastructure, access equipment and terminals, application enablers and global services to support both business and private communications. (For details see : www.ericsson.com) Ericsson achieved Net sales of 31 bUSD in 2001, but achieved a negative Net Income of -2.8 bUSD. (Financial Report 2001, Ericsson) Sony Founded in 1946 as Tokyo Tsushin Kenkyujo (Tokyo Telecommunications Laboratory) by Mr. Ibuka , Sony has become the world-leading manufacturer of audio, video, games, communications and information technology products for personal and professional market. Sony has set several standards to the consumer electronics market and driven technology development (see Table 1).

Job characteristics :: essays research papers

1. Introduction C# (pronounced â€Å"See Sharp†) is a simple, modern, object-oriented, and type-safe programming language. C# has its roots in the C family of languages and will be immediately familiar to C, C++, and Java programmers. C# is standardized by ECMA International as the ECMA-334 standard and by ISO/IEC as the ISO/IEC 23270 standard. Microsoft’s C# compiler for the .NET Framework is a conforming implementation of both of these standards. C# is an object-oriented language, but C# further includes support for component-oriented programming. Contemporary software design increasingly relies on software components in the form of self-contained and self-describing packages of functionality. Key to such components is that they present a programming model with properties, methods, and events; they have attributes that provide declarative information about the component; and they incorporate their own documentation. C# provides language constructs to directly support these concepts, making C# a very natural language in which to create and use software components. Several C# features aid in the construction of robust and durable applications: Garbage collection automatically reclaims memory occupied by unused objects; exception handling provides a structured and extensible approach to error detection and recovery; and the type-safe design of the language makes it impossible to have uninitialized variables, to index arrays beyond their bounds, or to perform unchecked type casts. C# has a unified type system. All C# types, including primitive types such as int and double, inherit from a single root object type. Thus, all types share a set of common operations, and values of any type can be stored, transported, and operated upon in a consistent manner. Furthermore, C# supports both user-defined reference types and value types, allowing dynamic allocation of objects as well as in-line storage of lightweight structures. To ensure that C# programs and libraries can evolve over time in a compatible manner, much emphasis has been placed on versioning in C#’s design. Many programming languages pay little attention to this issue, and, as a result, programs written in those languages break more often than necessary when newer versions of dependent libraries are introduced. Aspects of C#’s design that were directly influenced by versioning considerations include the separate virtual and override modifiers, the rules for method overload resolution, and support for explicit interface member declarations. The rest of this chapter describes the essential features of the C# language. Although later chapters describe rules and exceptions in a detail-oriented and sometimes mathematical manner, this chapter strives for clarity and brevity at the expense of completeness.

The Japanese Attempt to Erase Korean Culture, History and Identity :: Japanese History Korea Japan Essays

Even though none of my relatives were killed or tortured by the Japanese, I am still afraid. I am afraid that my vicarious wounds still linger inside me, affecting everything I do. I know that they destroyed our cultural and spiritual circle that we maintained for five thousand years. They just had to leave a natural trace that actually became part of us. I don't know if I should hate them. It is ignorantly and unwittingly buried deeply in our unconsciousness. Natural hatred and attraction, like two inseparable sides of a coin, had confused me for so long. Because the scar still remains unhealed and too painful to ignore, and because I hesitate to hate what's part of me. Broken wings were all over the country. They were forced to tear their skin and delicate white feathers off, replacing them with acute and heavy pebbles that filled their lives with sharp pain and humiliation. It all came too naturally. My childhood desk was decorated with cute dolls in red kimonos, a gift from my father, and pictures that I took with Jini. Affectionately-spoken Japanese often filled my house, enabling me to learn some of the foreign words gradually. Kawai, kawai, Jae san wa kawai. I blinked my eyes and laughed a ticklish and bright child's laughter at what my grandma said to me. What does it mean, grandma? A calm, peach colored smile blossomed on grandmother's face. It means very, very, adorable. Another warm smile and a soft pat on my head. Kawai. I recited the word carefully while grandma and mom were having a short conversation in Japanese. In downtown Kyoto, Japan, there lies a small stone monument at the spot where the ears of Koreans taken to Japan during one of its invasions in 1592 were buried. Japan has invaded Korea numerous times in known history, but when it invaded in 1592, Japanese soldiers were known to have cut off the ears of Koreans they either killed or wished to humiliate. One Japanese scholar suggests that later Japanese regimes came to value noses over ears because, somehow, cutting off noses sounds more cruel" (Lee). Koreans love everything from Japan. On cafà © tables in Ap-Guh-Juhn-Dong, the Beverly Hills of Korea, Japanese fashion magazines lay arrogantly. Sony and PlayStation products are sold fiercely in electronics markets. Some Koreans even say that we should admire Japan for their economic success, technology, and lifestyle. Only when it comes to history do they go hysterical and anti-Japan, remembering repeated attempts at invasion until the Japanese finally succeeded in 1910.

Pertussis

Perquisite has made a reemergence In well-vaccinated populations. Pathogenic adaptation and the decrease In strength are most likely the cause of the reemergence of perquisite. There is pressure for vaccine research because of the resurgence of the pathogen. Perquisite remains one of the leading causes of vaccine preventable deaths in infants under 1 year of age. Perquisite is a Gram-negative, bacillus called Bordello perquisite. This bacterium binds to the ciliated epithelial cells in the misanthropy of the upper respiratory tract. Disease presentation depends on age and history of previous Infection or vaccination.Young Infants present apneas and occasions, with or without disease symptoms. Adults and teens usually show mild symptoms, and have a typical prolonged cough. The human Forestalled are classified as anamorphic, but there is evidence of genetic variation in B. perquisite. As far as vaccines, there are two types of licensed perquisite vaccines. The first generation is whole cell vaccines (Wows), which are killed cells. The second generation Is cellular vaccines (Cave), which contain virulence factors. The Wows contain whole dead cells that can cause more adverse effects compared to Cave, which have been gradually replacing Wows.Some of the virulence factors that the CAB uses are pertains, filamentous humiliating, two familiar corpses, and chemically detoxified perquisite toxin. Wows induce type 1 helper T cells, which assist isotonic T cells. Wows also induce a broad antibody response against a range of surface antigens. Oafs induce type 2 helper T cells, which assist B cells. It causes a high antibody response against the vaccine antigens presented. Both of these vaccines give satisfactory long-term protection against perquisite. WAC Is estimated to protect for 4-12 years and the PVC could last 5-7 years.Programs to vaccinate began in the sass with the WAC. This caused a dramatic drop in mortality and morbidity in children. Perquisite disappeared in the industrialized world in the ass and ass. Infants that are too young to be fully vaccinated are at the highest risk for severe disease. Adolescence and adults are prone to mild Illness from perquisite. There has been a steady Increase, since the ass, In cases of perquisite In countries with successful and long lasting vaccination programs. The two key factors responsible for the resurgence in vaccinated are the appearance of new B. Reroutes strain variants, ND the gradual loss of the protective immunity from vaccines. This is all still under investigation and depends on the subpopulation and countries reporting. Antigenic mutations in 8. perquisite have been noted all around the world. The fact that B. perquisite strains are more Isolated in vaccinated populations than In non-vaccinated populations supports the possibility of mutation of the bacteria. Immune pressure on B. perquisite can eventually cause functional inactivation or complete deletion of genes coding for them. B. pe rquisite strains may be able to evade the effectiveness of vaccines being given.Human perquisite specific immune mechanisms protect against disease rather than infection, and are not long lived. Ant-perquisite antibodies can minimize Infection by preventing attachment to respiratory epithelial cells by neutralizing toxins and by removing bacteria through postulation and compliment- Perquisite infection induces Gig antibodies. There is a wide interest in human and Maurine T-cell responses specific for B. perquisite. Humeral and cell-mediated responses readily react to B. perquisite. So far no single specificity, type or level of effectors mechanism has been declared for protection.Re-evaluation of current Reroutes animal models is necessary in perquisite vaccine research and development. Collecting isolates from the population is also extremely important for the treatment of the new strains of B. perquisite. Studying what is happening with the immune system and how the bacteria have mutated will help prevent many cases of perquisite. I chose this topic because I wanted to learn more about the resurgence of perquisite in vaccinated populations. The article was well written. What I have learned in microbiology definitely helped me understand exactly what the article was saying. Isolating the specific reasons that B. Artists has reemerged is an ongoing study. It is extremely important to collect the specific strains from the population getting sick. These strains will help scientist develop better protection from perquisite. This article focuses on the fact that we need animal models to understand why this disease is reemerging. In order to develop effective vaccines for perquisite these studies are necessary. â€Å"Resurgence of Perquisite Calls for Re-evaluation of Perquisite Animal Models.

Failures That May Occur in a Distributed Systems Essay

A distribution systems is a collection of processors that have a common goal for their system. Some examples would be SOA-based systems, massively multiplayer online games and peer-to-peer applications. The distributed system is software systems in which components located on network computers. This systems communicate and coordinate through passing messages. This systems interact with each other to accomplish a common goal. This processor will contain their own local memory. Undeliverable Messages Failures This is where a message is undeliverable due to either the recipient is down when a message arrives or the sender and recipient are in different components of a network partition Communication Failures Will stop processes at other sites to stop communicating Site Failures When a site experiences a system failure, processing stops abruptly and the contents of volatile storage are destroyed (Microsoft Research, 2012). Network Partition Failure This is a network fragments into two or more disjointed sub-networks within which messages can be sent, but between which messages are lost. Centralized systems are completely opposite of a distributed system, where a distributed system is a collection of processors which contains their own memories and communicate together through various lines. A centralizes system allows certain functions to be concentrated in the systems hub, plus it can be easily accessed from all points (Wikipedia, 2012). After a failure has occurred certain actions must be taken, depending on what the failure is will help to determine what actions need to be taken. Site and communications failures manifest themselves as the inability of one site to exchange message with another site. When you have a failure one the first  steps is to have a handshake procedure. Handshake is where two sites communicate between each other to set parameters so normal communications over the channels can begin. After the failure has been isolated than we would start to fix the failure. When the systems has a failure than it must initiate the procedure which will allow the system to reconfigure. This will allow its primary function to fail and reset to a simpler function, mitigating any unacceptable failure consequence. It will control the system without forcing sacrifice desired, but uninsurable, capabilities. After the system reconfigured it will go through the recovery phase and be integrated back in to the system. Network partition is where all paths between two sites contain a failed or broken link. The network partition will divide the operational sites into two or more component, where ever two sites within the component can communicate but cannot communicate with the components in other sites. When the links are repaired, communications is reestablished between the sites where messages could not exchanges messages thereby merging components. Some was to reduce the probability of a network partition is to design a highly connected network, where the failure of few sites and links will not disrupt all the paths between any pair of sites, This requires the use of more components and cost more money. Sometimes the networks topology is could be constrained by other factors, like geography and communication medium. We are limited in the way we can avoid partitions networks. There are a lot of advantages of having a distributed system. Like being able to connected remote users, have higher speed and for the most part it is reliable the system need to know how to handle the errors and failures correctly so it can fix them quickly and easily. References Microsoft. (2014). Distrbuted Recovery Chapter 7. Retrieved from http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/people/philbe/chapter7.pdf Wikipedia. (2014). Centralized Systems. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralized_system

Poverty In United States Essay

United States of America being among   Ã‚  the richest and most developed nations one would expect poverty to be a vocabulary that only exist in the national policies of third world countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By comparison Americans can be described as wealthy but there are some pockets of poverty in this vast and rich nation This paper attempts to explore poverty situation in United States highlighting its causes and characteristics, digging deeper to understand which group of people consist the poor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A report released in 2002 shows that there were 35 million poor Americans, this represented roughly 10% of the population, and this figure has been rising Presently 12% of Americans are living below the poverty line.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By definition poverty is described as that condition where one is unable to meet the basic need in life, that’s one, can not afford a well balanced meal, decent housing and clothing. Poverty in United States is somehow different from the one experienced in least developed nations where living on less than a dollar qualifies one as poor. The poor in America constitute people who depend on state welfare since they are unable to provide for themselves, every year people fall in and out of poverty.   In a period of 10 years 40% of American fall in and out of poverty, this is attributed to fall of their income, when one of the family member moves out, among other situations (Fisher, G.M., 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Some groups of people are more prone to poverty than others. This depends on their economic social or cultural position they occupy in the society. There are those who are unemployed meaning they do not engage in any income generating activity. Crime on one hand is a result of poverty or it can breed poverty. Poor tend to engage into criminal activity or they are driven into it by poverty. Apprehended criminals in correction centers rarely engage in economic activity while victims of crime e.g. thefts have to replace the stolen property eating on their savings. (Zweig, Michael, 2004)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Households headed by women on average tend to be poor in comparison to those with both spouses. In this type of a family woman is the sole bread winner. Most of her income goes towards provision of basic needs with less or no savings therefore making it difficult for this family to rise beyond poverty line (Martin N.,2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The size of the family affects family income, large families have more mouths to feed, more household bills to clear, huge spending in insurance, education and healthcare. If this type of family income is not enough they will for ever be trapped in poverty cycle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other groups that are likely to be poor are the unskilled, the less educated substance abusers immigrants and children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Causes of poverty in America are several they range from economical, cultural, and geographical to social. . Distribution of resources largely affects people ability to produce. This also determines employment opportunities available which by and large dictates people incomes. States endowed with resources will have low poverty rates than those with little or unexploited resources. (Adams, J.Q, Pearlie S.A, 2001)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economic condition which is not favorable will result to increased poverty rate, recessions leads to rise in inflation which means people pay more for the same goods they were buying but their income remains constant, and this means savings are curtailed. For example recession in 1982 led to rise in poverty rates from 12% to 15%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Education equips Americans with skills that enable them to gain employment or venture into business. On average Americans with a college diploma have access to high paying jobs compared to the less educated. To a greater extent educational level determine ones income, less educated are likely to earn less making it impossible for them to afford a decent living. On the same line education level dictates opportunities available to an individual. Unskilled labor attracts low pay making unskilled laborers more prone to poverty than their skilled counterparts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rural and urban settings provide greater disparities as far as living standards are concerned. Americans living in urban areas have higher incomes when compared to their rural countrymen. There are more opportunities in urban areas due to high population with disposable income and better infrastructure. In rural areas opportunities are few and are limited to primary production e.g. agriculture, mining e.t.c.This means income generation activities and employment opportunities are fewer and only attract the less skilled   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Regionally, most of the southern states have higher poverty rates especially the rural areas .This is due to few employment opportunities and historical background.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Children are more prone to be poor than any other age group. According to the information released from population survey by census bureau in 2004, 21% 0f children were considered as poor. A greater disparity is seen when it comes to racial lines, almost half of African Americans and 40% of Latino kids are trapped in poverty circles. (Harrington, M.,1962).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Immigrants are great victims of poverty .Those with low education earn their living in low paying jobs. Illegal immigrants are even more disadvantaged as they can not gain any meaningful employment, therefore remaining in poverty circles for a long time   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, poverty in United States is dynamic, one may be in and out of poverty throughout their lives. Though there are conflicts as to who is poor, there is a common understanding that those who live on an income that is below what an average American earn is living below poverty . What constitutes poverty in United States may be middle class in some parts of the world especially in least developed nations. Poverty is a limiting factor in the society as it denies some Americans decent lives curtailing their freedom to enjoy lives. Policies need to be implemented to lower the poverty rates so as to rid United States of poverty. Reference Adams, J.Q.; Pearlie Strother-Adams, 2001. Dealing with Diversity. Chicago, IL: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. . Harrington, Michael ,1962 The Other America. Macmillan. Fisher, G.M. ,2003 The Development of the Orshansky Poverty Thresholds. Macmillan Zweig, Michael ,2004 What’s Class Got to do With It, American Society in the Twenty-first Century. ILR Press. Martin N. ,2008. Social Inequality: Patterns and Processes, 4th ed.. Boston: McGraw-Hill

Discovery of a Time Capsule Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Discovery of a Time Capsule - Essay Example Time capsule has numerous benefits and limitations. Among the benefits of time Capsule include: they help Archeologist and future generation to learn about the development of human race and the society at large. In addition, Time Capsule provides vital information concerning people way of life in a given region at a given period. However, despite those benefits, Time Capsule tends to have some limitations. Among those limitations include: they may not adequately provided all the relevant information regarding people in a particular region. In addition, they tend to be based on a particular geographical location and hence, some of the most important facts regarding the entire nations may not be communicated. In addition, capsule tend to be buried on the ground whereby, the archeologist and future generation may not access them items and hence, making them quite an effective method of communication (Rosenberg, 2013).Therefore, this study aims to provide an insight of the five items wer e found in a time capsule of 1960 by Archeologist in the year 2325.In addition, the study will explain the importance of the five items found in defining the era of the 1960s. 1. Describe each of the five items you have found. The five items that were found in the 1960s capsule include: a letter containing information on Vietnam War, a piece of paper containing anti war songs, DVD and CD’S Containing 1960’s of 1960 and photographs of the assassinated political leaders. The letter A letter containing information on Vietnam War was written by Dien Hu to the U.S president requesting for their support after Dien Hu, a French Leader, was defeated by a revolutionary leader, Ho Chi Minh. The letter was further explained the causes of war as well as reasons why United State was involved in the Vietnam War in 1960’s.Based on the letter, the war erupted as a result of political and economic differences between the U.S and Vietnamese regarding the issue of communism. Where by, the United State was against the idea of having communist society because it pulled down the economic development a country. Additionally, the U.S feared that communism might spread into their entire region. However, having U.S being involved in the war, the U.S involvement was not to win the war but to help southern Vietnamese who dint like the idea of communism to take over the leadership. The U.S increased its military troops in Vietnam in the year 1965 to 1969 in order to try and defeat supporters of communism. However, U.S troops faced great challenges because they did not fully understood about the topography of Vietnam where Guerilla warfare tactics were being applied by their opponents (Rosenberg, 2013). Apiece of paper containing songs The paper contained the songs of the year 1960’s that were communicating vital message concerning the American people traditions, culture, society, theirs struggles. The most important messages contained in letter emphasized on the words like; change is goanna come and people must get ready for the struggle. For example, the song by Aretha Franklin containing the song â€Å"Respect† communicated vital message concerning struggle of the American people against racial discrimination especially among the black Americans. In his song Mr. Franklin was trying to communicate vital message to the American and society at large on the importance of respecting all kinds of people

Consumer behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer behavior - Research Paper Example The activities may include where and how people purchase commodities. The purchaser plays both the role of a user, financier and buyer of a product. This unit examines the comparison and distinction between consumer behavior models in Canada and Saudi Arabia and tries to answer if universal consumer behaviors are present in all cultures. Consumer behavior models are vastly used in the prediction of product advertisement by marketers in Saudi Arabia and Canada. Consumer behavior techniques help marketers in manipulating the attitudes of a consumer in purchasing a product in both countries. The objective for this paper is to analyze evaluate and contrast the consumer behavior and Canada. Cooperate credibility plays a crucial role in the influencing of consumer behavior models in Saudi Arabia. Secondly, Advertisement has a force in the consumer behavior models in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is recognized to be the chief advertising market in the Middle East, and this is exceedingly depicted in its consumer behavior. Lastly, Literature assessment also influences the consumer behavior in Saudi Arabia, since it influences how consumer behavior like attitude towards a product. Internet economy plays a crucial function in pressuring the consumer behavior models in Canada. The internet economy is responsible for the lag or de velopment in the consumer behavior models in the country like in the online retail transaction. The lag in Canada may be closed by a better internet economy like the Google, since Canadians will be able to market their products online. The negative slope noticed in the consumer behavior model, in Canada, may be as a result of the reluctant nature of the small and medium scale businesses. The consumer behavior model in Canada can be changed if their government creates incentives like the internet economy to impersonation. Saudi’s population is a highly sociable and interact able population. The majority of the

Company Law Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Company Law Issues - Essay Example The question of majority rule and minority protection arises in the van purchase, mismanagement of Resort Ltd by Samson and Delilah and the sale of shares to prevent a take over bid. Another significant issue raised by this case scenario is the liquidation of â€Å"Crystal Ltd† which increases the level of scrutiny of director activity. 1. The relevant issue that arises here is the pre incorporation of the contract for the purchase of the van. Per Section 36 (c ) of the Companies Act of 1985, any contract made prior to the incorporation of a Company by a person will make the person himself/herself liable for said contract. Muddle has signed the sale document on behalf of resort Ltd, in February, when the Company was not formed. Moreover, Muddle is a minority shareholder with only 20% of the shares, he can only table resolutions, he cannot push them through. If the Articles of association of Resort Ltd do not provide him authority to make the van purchase, it should have been ratified at a Board meeting with requisite majority, otherwise it will not stand. The rule established in Foss v Harbottle1 provides minority protection in that a corporation can sue where a wrong arises that is ratifiable. However, since Samson and Delilah oppose the purchase, hence Muddle may be personally liable for payment on the van. 2. Mr. Muddle may be found guilty of a serious breach of fiduciary duty that is expected of a Director of Resort Ltd. He has used his influence as Director in order to derive personal benefit through the sale of the building in Mislington to Restore Ltd, to the tune of 250,000 pounds2. Section 317 of the Companies Act of 1985 also places on directors a statutory duty to reveal any interest, profit or financial advantage accruing to them by virtue of their position. Therefore, by using his position to influence the purchase of the building in Mislington which he owns, he has breached his fiduciary duty and

Classroom Observation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Classroom Observation - Essay Example According to Vygotsky and Cole (1978), teachers can use both levels of Vygotsky’s proximal development zone information to organize classroom activities in involving instructions, cooperative learning activities and scaffolding. Instructions can be planned in order to provide adequate practice in the proximal development zone for groups of children or to individual children. Cooperative learning activities can be organized with children’s groups at levels that are different so that they can help one another learn. Scaffolding is a tactic for assisting the child in her or his proximal development zone whereby the adult gives prompts and hints at various levels. Here, the task is not simplified by the adult rather; the learner’s role is effectively simplified through graduated teacher intervention. According to Vygotsky & Cole (1978), the Vygotsky theory suggests that children learn best whenever the material is new in the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). This m eans that the material is not too easy but, a bit challenging which ultimately with a little assistance from an individual who is more learned, the material can be mastered and then shift the zone upwards. In the Math connect program class; the teacher tried to ensure that the class understood the various basic tests that they were required to perform. The teacher effectively used three methods, which are instructions, cooperative learning and scaffolding to teach the Math lesson. The teacher started by doing examples with the class as a whole and gradually advanced to higher levels in the Zone of Proximal Development. This was done by the teacher in various ways. The teacher did a number of tests and then individual tasks were assigned to the class on individual levels. The teacher used various symbols to do the examples which is an example of TPE 1A. The teacher asked the children to write the test, and he would go round the class checking on the answers individually. This was an example of TPE4. Some of the math addition examples that the teacher gave the students include: 1. Round both 22 and 39 to the nearest ten. 22 rounds to ___ 39 rounds to ____ Then, add the rounded numbers to estimate the sum, therefore the sum of the rounded numbers is ___ 2. 700 – 500 = ____ The teacher was able to assist the children individual by explaining how the questions were supposed to be done in order to arrive at the right answer. Here the teacher was using TPE 6B. Those children, who were not able to get the answer correctly, got the opportunity to be taught on an individual level. This assistance was particularly much helpful to each child since they got the chance to be explained individually where they did not understand. After going around the class, the teacher divided the class into groups of three’s and questions were given to the groups to tackle. The children here were able to discuss in groups in answering the questions. The teacher then went round in the various groups checking on their progress and answering any

General Field Marshell Erwin Rommel the true leader of Men Term Paper

General Field Marshell Erwin Rommel the true leader of Men - Term Paper Example The purpose of this paper is to discuss his accomplishments and to also analyze his extraordinary leadership abilities, display of chivalry and gallantry towards his opponents, his soldier’s code and faith as an underlying theme of the paper. World War I: The period of World War I saw Rommel fight in Italy, Romania and France for the majority of the war in Alpenkorps, an elite Wurttemberg Mountain Battalion. His service proved to be highly successful throughout and this success was recognized and praised when he was awarded Iron Cross, Second Class and Iron Cross, First Class in 1914 and 1915, respectively. He was further decorated with the highest German honor, the order of Pour le Merite in 1918. His efficient and quick decision-making, display of bravery and ability to reap benefit out of the weaknesses of the enemy led to the capture of Mount Matajur and a vast number of Italian Defenders, in return of a fairly small loss for Rommel’s men which was an achievement in itself and could be attributed to his skills as a military commander and a strategic thinker. The First World War was only the beginning for Rommel’s extraordinary accomplishments and emergence as a chivalrous military leader, for his direction in World War II was even more resolute. In the period leading up to the Second World War, Rommel served at Dresden Infantry School as an instructor, it is during this time from 1929 to 1933 that he penned down â€Å"Gefechts-Aufgaben fur Zug und Kompanie  : Ein Handbuch fur den Offizierunterricht", an instruction manual for officers involved in infantry training, which reflected Rommel’s prowess as a leader who believed that military achievements depended greatly upon the skill and training of the armed forces. Rommel is also credited with writing "Infanterie greift an" a book which documented his military observations throughout World War I and was highly regarded as a source of guidance for the army. Certainly, Rommel was one of the few leaders who firmly held the conviction in the ideology that military strategy and tactitical decision-making was of great and undeniable importance for the success of any campaign. World War II: This part of the paper will document Erwin Rommel’s accomplishments through the period of the Second World War, analyzing the leadership style and characteristics that can be attributed to his accomplishments as well his conduct which has enabled Lewin amongst many other commentators to label him as a highly professional and humane officer. Rommel commanded the Fuhrerbegleithauptquartier  (Fuhrer escort headquarters) in the 1939 invasion of Poland until its defeat, in the following year Rommel voiced concern that his current position in the guard detail was not allowing him to fully exploit his abilities. Upon his request to Hitler to hand him charge of a panzer division, Rommel was handed over the control of the 7th Panzer Division on 6th February, 1940, three months later the planned invasion of France would occur. The reason why Rommel was suited to lead a panzer division was because of two factors which were central to his own approach towards leadership and fighting against the enemy – surprise and maneuver. Under his leadership, the 7th Panzer Division systematically practiced the methods that were integral to advancement in the campaign, the triumph of the 7th Panzer

Bronchodilator Essay Example for Free

Bronchodilator Essay By definition, a bronchodilator is a drug used for the treatment of chronic breathing complications such as emphysema, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease also known as COPD. Bronchodilators are used to reverse the effect of obstructed airways acting as decompressor and mucus removers that cause breathing complications. There is short term or short acting bronchodilators that act as â€Å"rescue medications† (Webmd. com). These rescue medications are used in more emergency instances as with asthma. Long-acting bronchodilators are used for the maintance of such diseases as COPD which is more chronic. Each bronchodilator type â€Å"opens bronchial tubes so that air can move through†¦. And help clear mucus from lungs (webmd. com). Bronchodilators such as uniphyl and Phyllocontin come in the form of a pill or tablet and are a sustained release formulation of another drug called Theophylline which opens constricted lung passages. These are more long term treatments. Short term or more frequent usage as with advair, symbicort, serevent, Foradil, are inhaled and last between two and four hours while long term tablets use lasts upwards of 12 hours. Although bronchodilators provide control over congested airways, they also act as stimulants and have an array of side effects. These side effects include: nervousness, hyperactivity, heart palpations, upset stomach, trouble sleeping, and muscle aches. Bronchodilators are approved by the FDA and originated in emergency room settings, where the necessity was abundant for chronic asthma attack patients. Albuterol, commonly used for the maintenance of asthma in an inhaler form is often however more effective than most other long acting bronchodilators. Albuterol is considered an anticholinergic bronchodilator. As previously mentioned, theophylline, an inexpensive bronchodilator acts as a stimulant similar to caffeine. Theophylline stimulants the heart and nervous system, relaxing airway muscles. Some side effects of its use include nausea, diarrhea, stomach ache, headache, and irregular heartbeat. Some bronchodilators contain adrenaline so mixing with other stimulating drugs for the treatment of high blood pressure, diabetes; thyroid, hyperactivity, and heart disease are discouraged from the use of bronchodilators. Inhaled bronchodilators â€Å"enable the drug to reach into the lungs for maximum benefits† (medicine. net). It is a possibility to overdose on inhaled bronchodilators. Some signs of overdose include seizures, headaches, fainting and dizziness, and chest pains. If one is experiencing symptoms similar while using inhaled bronchodilators it is advised to visit a local emergency room or primary care physician. Alternate treatment conducive to bronchodilators includes pulmonary rehab and therapy. Excessive use of bronchodilators makes the treatments less effective and increases the probability of side effects. It is uncommon to have allergic reactions to bronchodilators but in the event, rash, itching, swelling and further complications occur, further use is discouraged. Some conditions treatable with bronchodilators are commonly COPD or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD is â€Å"an irreversible disease associated with air flow obstruction†. (purdue. ca/products/products-asthma-asb) COPD umbrellas a category of other conditions such as emphysema, (irreversible lung damage/over inflation/weaking of air sacs) and chronic bronchitis (inflammation and scarring of airways tubes. Common symptoms of these conditions include: chronic chough, wheezing increased mucus, shortness of breath, and tiresome minimal activity. COPD is more predominantly caused by cigarette smoking however; other causes may include genetics, air pollution, cystic fibrosis, and childhood infections. Another condition treatable with bronchodilators is asthma. Asthma is also a chronic lung disease that causes swelling of the airways which creates complications with breathing. Causes of asthma are less solid than those of COPD but implicate being due to an† immune-mediated processing which inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediators enter airway tissues to cause disease† (purdue. ca/products/products-asthma. asp). One who is diagnosed with asthma often becomes sensitive to hair sprays, cosmetics, cleaners, paints, pollens, animals and cock roaches, chemicals, temperature, and even some foods, An asthma attack is experienced with shortness of breath, wheezing, chest tightening, persistent coughed and dyspnea. Bronchodilators are most effectively used while avoiding things that further complicate breathing. This is especially true with cigarette smoke which should be avoided first and second hand. Bronchodilators work most when used according to prescription and consistency. One should always educate self when or before exposing the body to such drugs as bronchodilators which are often stimulants and cause brief and sudden body changes.

Modernism In Scandinavia And Italy Cultural Studies Essay

Modernism In Scandinavia And Italy Cultural Studies Essay Modernism was not just a new style of thinking; it represented a new way of thinking, new ideas and a new ideology which was a shift from the contemporary ways of art, literature and architecture. Modernism, when defined roughly, refers to the contemporary ideas, notions, spirit and way of life. A more accurate definition would describe it as the change in the cultural values which originated in the form of cultural movements, and left their impact on the Western society in the late 19th and early 20th century. Some believe that modernism was an uprising against realism which was both conventional and conformist in its way of thinking. Some of the major political and societal changes which brought about the modernism were the post world wars situation. The huge developments and transformations in industry and technology coupled with the cultural exchanges, transportation and communication developments and influences from the West. The period of modernism in Scandinavia and Italy was both progressive and optimistic. It stems from the renaissance for the historians and was a cultural movement which impacted the Scandinavian and Italian art, architecture, music and literature. The breaking away from the conventional styles to newer representations in the period, where there was a shift from the traditional values. The period also marked growth and innovations in science, ethics, philosophy and psychology besides the previously mentioned art, architecture, music and literature. Different countries have had their share of influencing modernism. Modernism was reflected in art and styles and the streak touched many countries, with each nation contributing uniquely and overall adding to the progression. This period saw a change in the style and ideology of art during this era. The philosophy of art was transformed during this period in terms of the themes and subject matter, and also the use of colours, shapes and lines. The intellectual underpinnings of modernism emerge during the Renaissance period when, through the study of the art, poetry, philosophy, and science of ancient Greece and Rome, humanists revived the notion that man, rather than God, is the measure of all things, and promoted through education ideas of citizenship and civic consciousness. The period also gave rise to utopian visions of a more perfect society.  [1]   Every nuances of design, architecture or art captures the political and cultural aura of the time and place, and the modern art in Scandinavia and Italy reflected their countries situations in the modern art. Below is a modernism timeline which shows the significant events between 1920- 1970. Modernism in Scandinavia Scandinavia had a mixed dynamics of cultures, language and politics. This gave birth to a versatile and multi dimensional philosophy of art and design which became more assertive. The movement from Europe enveloped Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland and Finland within its fold. The Scandinavian countries had their own unique, yet impactful role in the move towards modernism. The response to the stimuli from the modern world was distinctive. The countries were experiencing the same changes in the modern life- social equality, industrialization and urbanization. Nonetheless, the outcomes and impact showed the unique natures of art and skills that evolved, which gave individuality and characteristic art and design to each of the countries. Yet the distinctiveness was combined with features which were common to all the Scandinavian countries which include a unifying touch in terms of humanism, tradition, moderation, handcrafted perfectionism, modesty, quietude and purposefulness  [2]   which came to know as the style of the Scandinavian modern art. Among the European countries, the Scandinavian were able to portray the modern artistic touch in their traditional and conventional craft most expressively. Countries such as Denmark, Sweden and Finland which had internal dynamics and resources which led to an increased inclination towards the craft industries were most explicit in communicating the modern aesthetic in their art and craft.With the breakdown of the craft guild system in the mid- nineteenth century, they established a number of institutions to protect them from an influx of inferior, foreign mass-produced goods.  [3]  The Swedish Society of Craft and Industrial Design was formed to cultivate and maintain high standards in crafts. In the pre-1900 times, the Scandinavian countries derived their inspiration from the national traditions and folklore. The early works, which imparted and impacted the most to the modernism, included the Viking-revival imagery of Norway, arts and crafts movement of Nordic and the Swedish porcelain works which depicted the flora and fauna to their utmost beauty on vessels. Harmony in visual arts such as architecture, decorative arts, graphics and craft came through the Art Nouveau movement which gave a unifying touch to the art. The driving motivation behind the flourishing of modern art during the Art Nouveau was the dissatisfaction with historicism, and the mutual feeling that a newer and fresher design should be adopted in the new century. Gregor Paulssons book Vackrare Vardagsvara was the starting point towards the unifying of Swedish design. The Swedish design was directed towards achieving ideals of humanism and democracy, depicted through beauty and simplicity. National romanticism found initial grounds in Sweden and Finland; however there was a failure to translate this style into architecture as a unifying feature. Works of architects like Gustaf Ferinand is of particular importance. The Scandinavian countries followed a same trajectory, like the Copenhagen town hall in Denmark failed to integrate Richardsons example. Romanticism is Finland had become prominent in the late 1800s. The inspiration behind the Finnish modern art was their folk epic kalevala. Sonck was a prominent figure who built a granite church and used materials such as steel and concrete for Engels university library. Other major buildings include Tampere Cathedral and telephone building with characteristic masonry syntax. Finland had been an imperial colony of Sweden and Russia, and therefore Denmark was where the revival of Romantic Classicism originated. Tinges of classism were seen in Sweden quite some time later in works such as Carl Westmans Stockholm Courts. The ar chitecture saw a shift from national romantic and classical to neo classical. In Sweden the Romantic classical revival could not witness its pure form and was diluted by inflection of plan and iconography. Tampere Landmarks and Monuments: Tampere Cathedral (Tampereen Tuomiokirkko)  tampere_cathedral_view.jpg Alvar Aaltos had Asplund as the driving force. Both Aaltos and Asplunds work had several directions to them, and depict different levels of cultural development. The work saw varying contrasts of classical and vernacular architecture. Major works of Aalto, such as the apartments, clubs, churches and renovations were inspired by Asplund, and had a Doricist touch to them with an amalgamation of vernacular, Hoffmanns austerity of line and Italian. Aaltos Paimio sanatorium instilled the Functional style in the 1927-34 periods. Aaltos later works were inspired by Erik Bryggman, who was a Finnish architect, in which classicism was combined with the Soviet-Agit-Prop lead in architecture expression. The designs of Aalto derived inspirations from both Dutch and Russian Constructivism, and included the use of concrete, geometrical schemes and serial landscapes. Aalto was influenced by different peoples and philosophies in his works. His later career saw a shift from rational and technical idea s to human imagination, and the use of materials shifted from concrete to wood. This was the organic approach to style and design. Special consideration was given to the ambiance and environment of the architecture, with filtration of heat, sound and light. Hence, the designs incorporated the physical and psychological needs of the people. Efforts were made to ensure the control of environment, meet the peoples needs of privacy, suitable exposure to light and heat, design of ceilings and non noisy wash basins. The designs and features of the buildings were tailor made for each, so that the varying needs such as those of a library and hospitals could be met effectively. Aalto describes his anti mechanistic and more humanistic approach to architecture in the words, To make architecture more human means better architecture and it means functionalism much larger than the merely technical ones. This goal can be accomplished only by architectural methods- by the creation and combination o f different technical things in such a way that they will provide for the human being the most harmonious life  [4]  . Neo empirical times in Scandinavia(1930s) saw the anti urban streak in them with an inclination towards the humanistic and traditional inspired styles. Some remarkable architectures in this period include the powerhouse designed by Osvald Almqvist, Sven Markeliuss Swedish pavilion, the house of Gunnar Asplund and other similar styles of buildings. The basic features of architecture in both Scandinavia and Italy can be described in the words, the entire inventive effort of these architects consist essentially of devising flexible urban modules whose geometrical character permits articulations that fit well into natural site, leaving the color, simplicity, and traditionalism of the details to provide the more immediate directions  [5]  . The Scandinavian styles, which emerged after the post world war period, were the works of many talented Scandinavian architects and designers. The works of the architects was highly successful and impacted o only the Scandinavian countries but also the rest of the world as described in the following words, Self-confidence grew with the successes. The American Lunning Award, reserved for Scandinavian designers, provided a number of young talents with their American breakthrough. In 1954 Design in Scandinavia embarked on a three-and-a half year long tour of the US and Canada. It was not just beautifully crafted objects, but A Scandinavian Way of Living that was promoted. Danish teak furniture, Swedish crystal and textiles, Norwegian enamel, Finnish furniture and glass merged into a concept generally perceived as Scandinavian: blond, cool, distinct and refined. Its careful craftsmanship, perfection, harmony and natural feeling were seen as the dream of a better world in a Europe which had risen from the inferno of World War II. Remarkably, there are few countries today if any which continue to produce as many vintage designs as the Scandinavian countries, testimony to their timelessness, practicality and to the well-deserved argument they transcend the vagaries of fashion  [6]  . Modernism in Italy Modernism in Italy is closely linked to the social forces and is portrayed through the artistic strategies. Artists as individuals, or in groups, sought to demonstrate the change of the century and the change in the social environment (with culture and politics being the main drivers) through painting, design, music, literature and architecture.Two architects, Giuseppe Sommaruga  and  Ernesto Basile, were the major contributors to the Art Nouveau in Italy. Art Noveau also known as the new art was a movement of changing styles of art, applied art and architecture in terms of style. Italy was affected, better, influenced by Modernism such that the era brought forward architectural masterpieces that were at times either influenced by the works of foreign modernist architects or by older architectural designs. The 1925 renovation of Rome brought about changes in the Roman map as streets were re-built to connect ancient monuments with the monuments that were to be built by the Mussolini with the help of Marcello Piacentini. While declaring the plan for the reconstruction of Rome, Mussolini declared: In five years time, Rome must astonish the peoples of the world. It must appear vast, orderly and powerful as it was in the days of Augustus. Affinity of tradition was so strong during the modernist era that it was almost impossible to construct and design buildings that did not draw influence from ancient Roman architecture. They were, therefore, bound to retain a typical national character. The act of taking inspiration from the past was best settled by the argument that the traditions are not erased from the memories of citizens but only evolve into variations of themselves. However, the avant-garde architecture and modernism was viewed fearfully by those who had witnessed the devastations of the world war and regarded modernism in the technological spheres and other advances as the root cause of the war. The new slogan raised was therefore that of humanism, which incorporated that which was left in the pre war period. Special emphasis was laid on the psychological and physical aspects of the architecture of the people, the expressive use of materials, integration with the environment and incorporation of the traditions and societal factors. The art and architecture sought to remove the anti-technology and neo-humanistic approach and produce work which the people could identify with by having a relationship with them and incorporating traditions. This is referred to as the neo-empirical movement in Scandinavia and the organic movement in Italy. The urban areas began to have a domestic tinge to them, with an anti urban attitude emerging in both Scandinavi a and Italy. The themes of nature and pseudo-psychologism flourished in the Scandinavian architecture in the 1930s. The Italian architects drew their inspiration from the Scandinavian architecture and therefore the architecture in Italy showed the visible signs of being inspired from the Scandinavians. The social-democratic styles were particularly attractive for the Italian architects. However, Italian modernism was more richer than the following of Scandinavian styles only. The flair of Italian furniture design for expressing exclusivity and esprit was much better suited to the booming economy than the sparse aesthetics and good-natured folksiness of Scandinavian design, which was beginning to feel tame and stagnant. A decade earlier, Nordic coolness and order had been needed to help heal the spiritual wounds in a Europe that was still in ruins and chaos. But now young Nordic designers could no longer walk in the old footsteps. Scandinavian design became unfashionable, also in Scandinavia itself  [7]  . However, the Italian architecture had more depth to it in the Neo-Realism, rather than just being inspired by Scandinavian styles. The central concern was on the insistence on defining a common language that would be directly communicative for the poorer classes who were viewed as the protagonists of the postwar reconstruction  [8]  . Informal ground plans were laid out to pay reverence to impulsive forms of architecture and materials such as wrought iron and Roman style bricks were used with an emphasis on local dialect. This combination clearly referred to the peasant world adorned for its naturalism. Certainly the rediscovery of rural purity was simply one aspect of the cultural populism that was so in vogue in the post war Italian culture. It was a regressive utopia with nostalgic accents. But, as far as the architecture was concerned, it created a true proper ideology that was adequate to the particular role that the building industry was called to fulfill in the period of r econstruction  [9]  . The architects gave monumental forms to their creations, with features of structural expressionism to build an emotive contact with the masses. The Italian architecture should also be viewed from the perspective of the polemics for and against the Organic architecture. In the Renaissance, architecture was seen as the supreme artit also represented the highest artistic achievement a human being could attain. The Italian renaissance architecture had significant impact on the world at that time, displaced only by the advent of modernist architecture in the twentieth century.  [10]   But even the modern architect Richard Meier notes that the quality of light, expression of structure, as expressed in an interior like Sant Ivo Sapienza, remains influential in the way buildings are designed today. Therefore, the ideas and philosophies that emerged with regard to the architectural design still find a place I todays world. The idea of buildings that reach into the heavens or the principle that an interior should welcome the light into the interior rooms can be traced to this period.  [11]  Much of domestic architecture throughout Europe and America still resists modernism, and you can still drive down the street in Palo Alto and see columned exterio rs on the houses of the wealthy mimicking public buildings and communicating civic power. The focus of Italian architecture was on the creation of open, well-lit, and above all public spaces that welcomed both light and was a reflection of humanistic ideas with special emphasis on the physical and psychological comforts for the people. The developments in Roman architecture with their innovative designs and use of styles such as arches and vaults are the source of inspiration for many architectural masterpieces even today. The modernism period brought changes that have changed the world of architecture forever. These impacts of modernism can be seen not only in the Roman empire but have also spread far and wide during the travels and conquests of the Romans. Conclusion The Scandinavian and Italian art and architecture, and the economic, technological, demographic and cultural changes evolved in tandem. The architectural designs depict the periods and their relative influence with different architects and artists gaining influence in different periods, and their works marked by their characteristic styles, yet having a unifying national touch to them. The styles which were adopted were the neo classism, Romanticism, historicism and vernacular architecture. These trends in architecture coincide with the societal and political changes in these countries during 1920-1970s. The use of wood and concrete and architectural styles like the arches, piers and others are the characteristic features of the times, and a reflection of political and societal evolution. The architecture in Scandinavia and Italy is intermittent with a variety of prevailing conditions, such as those of the society, but also reflect the architects innovation and style. The Scandinavia n and Italian architecture hold onto their uniqueness even today. A visit to these countries show how the architecture has a touch of individuality to it ranging from the buildings, shops, hotels, restaurants and other architectural creations. The modern and contemporary styles have left their mark so prominent, that it can be seen even today. To conclude, it may be said that identity is very important. During the modernism, people found validation and expression in the objects with which they surrounded themselves and therefore their ideologies were reflected in their art and architecture.